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March 29, 1932. R. D. KEHOE PULP SHREDDNG APPARATU S Filed Dec. 6, 1928 2- Sheets-Sheet dttmueq Patented Mar. 29, 1932 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE RICHARD D. OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

PULP SHBEDDIG APPARATUS Y Application lged December 6, 1928,. Serial No. 324,247.

.ing to the manner in which the pulp'mass is initially collected on the suction roll, the pulp is in substantially layer form, so that when finally delivered from between the expressing rollers, the pulp is in the form of a sheet made up of a series of layers which form a compact body, but in which the layer formation is clearly evident in any attempt to separate the pul The pulp, following its delivery from the pulpmaking machine, still contains a considerable proportion of moisture content, and if shipped in this form is extremely liable to deterioration, to say nothing ofthe added shipment weightdue tothe moisture, and the liability of the'pulp freezing-in cold Weather vas a result of its moisture content.

These well known disadvantages tend to a considerable loss and increased expense in the use of the pulp for the making of paper.

In an endeavor to overcome these disad# vantages, it has been heretofore proposed to subject the pulp, following its delivery from. the pulp making machine, to certain treatment, in order that the pulp may be prepared for shipment and storage in a. manner which will avoid deterioration of the' pulp or any appreciable loss incident to shipment and storage prior to the use of the pulp in the making of paper. These treatments, among other things, involve the ystep of drying the pulp to expelthe moisture'content thereof in order that the pulp may be shipped in as light a condition as possible and prevented from any deterioration incident to otherwise present moisture. The compact mass condition in which the pulp is delivered lfrom the pulp machine renders it practically impossible to handle the pulp for drying treatment in this condition, and-therefore the effective treatment of the pulprequires that it be'shredded as far as possible into occulent form and at the same time broken V np into relatively small masses or particles 1n order that it `may be effectively dried in a comparatively short space of time 'and with i the minimum use of heat.

A very material and important factor enters into the pre-treatment of the pulp and that is the necessity for maintaining the integrity .of the bers of the pulp to the maxi- -mum extent'possible during treatment. The

strength and character of the paper made from the pulp depends not only upon the inherent character of the pulp proper but upon-the strength of the fibers of the pulp, it being quite apparent that the longer and stronger the fibers the lbetter the grade of paper with respect tostrength. It is, therefore, ofthe utmost importance that in any method or means employed for the breaking up or so-called shredding of the pulp as a preliminary step to the drying treatment thereof, due regard must be had for the maintenanceiof the original fiber length and relation insofar as possible, for if the bers are cut or broken, the value of the particular pulp foruse iny paper making is materially 1 reduced.l

The primary object of the present invention, therefore, is the provision of a method for. initially treating or shredding the lpulp in a manner to separate the layers into loc- J cule'nt form and break up or divide the pulp mass or layers into `relatively small pieces or particles to insure eifective after-drying, the method being particularly designed to carry out the, result stated "without injury to the views illustrating the operation of two successive rows of shredder teeth.

Figure 9 is an edge view of the pulp body illustrating the shredding result of the shredder teeth o n the part acted on.

F igure l0 is a plan illustrating more or less diagrammatically the result of the shredder teeth on the pulp mass. l

The pulp,indicated at 1, is delivered between pressure rolls 2 and 3, passing outwardly therefrom on a line substantially tangentialto the rolls in the form of a compact sheet of appropriate width and appreci` able thickness. In the making up of the pulp, as the well understood result of a pulp `machine, the pulp is initially desposited on the suction rolls in substantially layer form, so that while thepulp is delivered between the pressure -rolls in the form of a sheet, this sheet is in e'ect made up of well defined layers which, -while possibly of irregular width and length with respect to the sheet, are nevertheless true` layers.

Mounted f or rotation adjacent the pressure) rolls 2 and 3 of the pulp sheet is what may be termed the shredding cylinder 4. This cylinder, which may be driven in any appropriate manner as for\ example by a belt 5, is arranged to rotate at a speed materially in excess of, in fact many-times the 'speed of,the pressure pulp rolls 2 and 3, so that' in operation the shredding implement carried by the cylinder 4 intercept and pass into and through the body of the pulp projected beyond the pressure rolls. y

The peripheral surface of the shredding cylinder -is provided with a plurality of shredding implements or teeth 6 which are of peculiar formation, as illustrated more are of identical formation, include Shanks' 7 by which the teeth may be secured in the peripheral surface of the cylinder 4, andy wards its freeend, which free end is sub-.

stantially a point 9 for effective entrance of the tooth into the pulp mass. It is to be particularly noted that the edges of the tooth, that'is the extremities of the major diameter of the oval formation, are not sharp or ol cutting form but are rather 'rounded or more effectively blunt to avoid any7 direct cutting action'. The teeth are peculiarly arranged with respect to the surface ofthe cylinder. Thus, the surface of the cylinder may be formed of cross bars 10 having longitudinally ranging slots 11 in which the teeth, or more 65 particularly the shanks 7 thereof, are adjustparticularly in Figure 3. These teeth, which ably held by nuts on the ends of the Shanks inwardly of the bars.

The teeth are thus disposed in rows longitudinally of the peripheral surface of the cylinder, and are designed to be arranged in more or less close proximity one to theother. vThe teeth of one row are out of circumferential alignment with the teeth of the next preceding row, that is, the teeth of each row are offset circumferentially and pref- 75 erably disposed in a plane passing between adjacent teeth of the next preceding row. By Vthis means, that is the close relation of the teeth of each row and the offset relation of Vteeth of succeeding rows, any two rows of 30 teeth are practically effective for cooperating with the full width of the pulp mass 1.

With particular reference to Figures 5 to 8 inclusive, the operation of the shredder will be clearly'ap'parent. Bearing in mind 351 that as described, the pulp mass 1 1s advancing into the path of the shredding teeth and that the latter are traveling in a circular path which intercepts the path of the advancing pulp mass, with such teeth moving at a speed 9o many times greater than the similar movement of the pulp mass, it will be apparent that the row of teeth 6, irst encountering the free end of the advancing ulp mass, will enter said mass by means ofthe teeth points 9 throughout thefull width of the mass and at slightly spaced points thereof. Under the movement of the shredding cylinder, the initial set' of teeth tend to slightly depress the pulp mass as they enter the latter, 10o the parts assuming the position more clearly indicatd in Figure 6.

The relative movement of the shredding teeth in the pulp mass continues, the teeth moving through the pulp and forming what may be termed incisionsor narrow channels in the pulp mass which, as the teeth leave, tend to draw out the pulp in advance of the teeth, so that as the teeth leave the pulp, the latter is drawn out from its hard compact condition into a more or less fluffy, flocculent form throughout the area which has vbeenv reached b the teeth. As the next succeeding Arow o teeth reach thepulp mass, it being understood that meanwhile the pulp mass has slightly advanced, such second row of teeth will repeat the operation of the first row, forcing themselves into the pulp mass slightly in rearof the line of entry of the -first teeth,

and moving through the pulp mass, into and out of the same, pulling out in efedt the pulp material in advance ofthe teeth as /they move through the mass. As stated', the teeth have no cutting action and hence their entry into,

passage through, and separation from the 125- 4pulp mass tend to rake out or pull the pulp material in advance of the tooth, so that said material is pulled out into alight, fluffy mass without necessarily separating this mass from the pulp body.

Y pulp body into a u the action of the teeth will tend to so destroy the adhesive relationbetween the layers by the f luing up of the pulp mass that small, irregular portions of the pulp mass are separated from the body and delivered into those irregular, fluffy, locculent particles or small masses which 1t is the aim of the present 1nvention to produce. Of course, the action of the teeth proper will to some extent tend to separate the pulp mass into irregular masses incident to the pulling out operation, but primarily the teeth function to separate the pulp mass into a light, occulent and ufly condition, and the separation of the pulp mass into the smallgparticles is incidentto the layer separation of the pulp mass following the breaking down of the adhesive capacity between the respective layers.

The operation of the shredder of course is searchingly effective on the full mass of the pulp as the latter is directedl by the pressure rolls. The action of the shredding teeth is more in the nature of a raking effect to separate the pulp mass from its compact condition intoA a light, uiy, occulent condition and the breaking up of this mass into irregular particles, each and all of which are light, occulent and open. By the entire absence vof any cutting action, it will be apparent that the breaking up of the pulp mass by the teeth does not tend in any way to a brea ing down or dividing ofthe natural bers of the pulp;

These bers in their relative lengths and positions remain substantially intact in each separated mass incidentto the use of the shredders andthusthis most important characteristic of the pulp, namely the length and integrity of its bers, is not disturbed, and

` hence the value of the pulp for subsequent paper making is equally as good followingthe shredding operation as it was before `the shreddin operation took place.

The irregular, fluffy, and ilocculent particles resultant from the action of the Shredders is, if desired, delivered into a chute, indicated at 12, from which the masses may be delivered for further treatment. If, asconvtemplated, such further treatment consists in the drying of the pulp to remove the moisture content therefrom, itis apparent that the treatment of the pulp in such drying operation is materially shortened in point of time and eectively perfected with less heat where the pulp is 1n the shape of l'comparatively small, light, fluffy, occulent particles than if the pulp were in the hard, compact mass delivered from the pressure rolls. With the light, fluffy particles, a comparatively short heat treatment with a comparatively moderate heat degree will result 1n abstracting the moisturecontent, for the pul mass is'open, its ber parts well eparate and the heat can do its work rapid y and eiectively.

The characteristic feature of the present invention is the shredding of the pulp into light, uy, irregular masses without breaking` down or dividing the natural bers of the pulp mass, with the shredding action avoiding any cutting of the pulp mass, and with such shredding action operating in a manner to take full advantage of the layer formation of the pulp mass in'order to facilitate the se aration of such mass into the desired smal occulent particles.

It is to be understood that the method is distinguished from that method of shredding wherein mere tearing the pulp into small pieces,'or nely dividing the ulp as by a rake or carding is concerned. utting it another way,- the various layers of each piece or section of the pulp torn from the mass is made fluly or occulent to release and open up the bers for quick and ready subsequent treatment.

What is claimed to be new is:

1. A method of shredding pulp, consisting in `delivering the pulp in sheet form to t-he shredder to provide an unsup orted area to receive the actionof the shred er, operating the shredder at a speed in excess of the movement of the pulp to act on the unsupported portion of the sheet pulp to initially deect said unsupported portion in the direction of shredder movement to thereby cause the plane of -the'pulp layers to approach the plane of operation of the` shredder, with the result of pulling the outer.. layer into uify form and then breaking upthe layerswith- Y out breaking downor injuring the bers of the pulp. l

2. A method of shredding pulp, consisting in advancing the `ulp in sheet form to the shredder to provi e an unsupported. area to receive the action of the shredder, operating the shredder in a path intersecting the pat pullin action, to produce a occulent condi.

tion of the pulp throughout the area a'ected by the shredder. L

3. 'A method of shredding pulp, consisting in operating a series of shredding implements in a circular path, feeding the pulp mass as.

`speeds of the shredding implements and pulp, and permitting limited bodily movement of the unsupported area of pulp mass in the direction of travel of the shredder during the shredding operation.

4.. A pulp shredding apparatus including means for delivering pulp in sheet form to the shredder tov provide an unsupported pulp section adjacent the shredder, and a shredder operating at a speed in excess of the travel of the pulp and comprising a plurality of teeth which are moved into and out of the pulp to bodily deflect the unsupported section of the pulp in the direction of movement of the teeth and pull the surface layers out in fluffy form and at the same time break up the pulp sheet into comparatively small masses.

5. A pulp shredding apparatus comprising a roll ovei` which the pulp is delivered in sheet form and beyond which the pulp is otherwise unsupported, a cylinder body revolving adjacent the roll and at a speed in .excess of that of the roll, and a plurality of non-cutting shredding teeth carried by the surface of the cylinder, the teeth moving in a path to intercept the path of the unsupported portion of pulp beyond the roll.

6. In a shredding apparatus, a shredding cylinder provided with non-cutting shredding teeth arranged on its periphery, the teeth being disposed in rows axially of the cylinder with the teeth of each row offset with respect to the teeth of the preceding row in the direction of movement of the cylinder,`said teeth projecting beyond the surface of the cylinder loin an outwardly and downwardly curved 'fl'. Ina shredding apparatus, a shredding cylinder having shredding teeth thereon, each tooth being of substantially oval form in cross section and forwardly and downwardly curved with respect to the surface of the cylinder, each tooth being of gradually reduced dimensions toward its free end and having a substantially pointed terminal.v

operating the shredder in a circular plane crossing the feeding line of the pulp and at a speed in excess of the feeding movement of the pulp, and completinothe shredding of the pulp incident to the deiection of the unsupported section of the pulp from its feeding line toward the operating plane of the shredder and the movement of the shredder into the deflected pulp incident to the relatively increased speed of movement of the shredder.

. In testimony whereof I aiiix my signature.

RICHARD D. KEI-ICE.

8. A method of shredding pulp, consisting u in feeding the pulp in sheet form to the shredder to provide an unsupported section of pulp to receive the action of the shredder operating thel shredder at a speed in excess of the feeding movement of the pulp and in a 7" plane crossing the feeding line of the pulp,

and causing the shredder to initially deflect the unsupported section of the pulp toward the operating plane of the shredder and thereafter separate portions of the deflected pulp from the body thereof incident to the relatively increased speed of the shredder.

9. A method of shredding pulp, consisting in feeding the pulp in sheet form toward the shredder to provide an unsupported section of pulp to receive the action of the shredder,

Patented Mar. 29,` y1932 Ig-ERNST KQRTEN, or;FRANKnoRT-onfrnn MAIN-rncHENHEIM, GERMANY PROCESS FOR PRODUCING AMINO DERIVATIVES F AHEX,AEIYDJRIUJIIPEIENYII:

No Drawing. Application filed .Tune 14,'1930, Serial No. 461,257, and in vGermany March 2, 1928.'

This application isa continuation in part of my application Serial No. 343,570, filed February 28, 1929.

I have found, that thethree-nuclear condensation products ywhich correspond probably to the general formula:

lTXz

inwhich formula the'Xs mean hydrogenor an alkylgroup and one or more hydrogen atoms of the aromatic nuclei as well as of the hydroaromatic residue may be substituted by an alkylor alkoxygroup, are converted 1n one operation into aminoderivatives of hexahydrophenyl by treating the three-nuclear products immediately with hydrogen in the presence of a base metal hydrogenation catalyst, advantageously under superatmospheric pressure and with` addition of a sultr able diluent.

iso

The aminoderivatives thus obtained are'V identical with those formed according to theprocess described in the parent application.

In order to further illustrate my invention the following examples are given, the parts being by weight and all temperatures in cen tigrade degrees; but I wishit to beV understood that my invention is not limited to the examples given, norrto the exact conditions f stated therein Example l atmospheres.

' tional distillation in vacuo a colorless oil boilingat 1685-170o is obtained after small amounts of lower boil-y 1.`ldiphenyl thus produced in a nearly theoyretical yield corresponds` probably to the formula: 1 y

i It represents when pure a transparent oil boil:

nickel, reduced at about 500 tated on fullers earth or silica-gel and heatof l0 atmospheres.

heXane in about parts of tetrahydronaphe1 80 Y controlled by the factthat in a sample taken,

50 parts of 4.1i',-diamino-ldimethyl-di# phenyl-cyclohexane, 50 parts of decahydro; naphthaleneand 2.5 parts of a catalyst, prepared by precipitating the carbonates -of nickel,`,cobalt, copper and bismuth on silica-r, gel and reducing in a hydrogen atmosphere in the usual manner, are heated to 180 while well stirring under a-hydrogen pressure of 60 The` absorption of hydrogen; Y n

crystallizes.

acid is added, aniincreasing amount ofthe theresidue, fromwhich on coolingthehydroished when the amount corresponding to one u molecular proportion is taken up. By fracvunder a pressure of 13mm.l

ing fractions have passed over. The new 4- am1no3-methyl1. 2.3.4.5.6; ihexahydro- H" H :m5

ing at -177'O under a.V pressure of 15 mm., solidifying below 0.V y, T e process maybe 'carried out likewise when using a catalyst containing about 20 %',;70 n

and precipi- Y ing the `mixture under a hydrogen pressure Eample 2 Y v "75 Inl anopen vessel provided with a stirrer and; inlet and delivery tubes for gas a solution of '50 parts lof 4.4-diamino-diphenyl-cyclothalene is heated with addition of v3 parts of a catalyst ,underfordinary pressure at 130- while introducing a current of hydrogen, l which advantageously circulates. A suitable catalyst is obtained for instance by precipitat-j 85 f ing a.' solution containing about 85% nickel, 15% ycopper and 5% cerium with'sodium carbonate for about 5-10%0f its weight.

The course ofthe reaction can be easily 190 out from time to time, when dilute sulphuric sulphate of the formed `4:.-aminoheirahydrodiphenyl is precipitated. The .warm reaction mass4 islseparatedyfrom the catalyst and the solvent Yis `expelled froml vthe solution by steam. -The .hydrochloric acidis .added to chloric salt ofV r-amino-hexahydrodiphenyl 

